Articles

The history and design of the world’s flags, written up at length.

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The Crescent Faces Left, the Crescent Faces Right: Why Orientation Matters More Than You Think

The Crescent Faces Left, the Crescent Faces Right: Why Orientation Matters More Than You Think

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Julio Song
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9 min read

Try this thought experiment. Take Turkey's flag and flip it horizontally so the crescent faces right instead of left. Nothing else changes. Same red, ...

The Lotus, the Angkor, and the Nation: Why Cambodia Put a Building on Its Flag and Never Took It Off

The Lotus, the Angkor, and the Nation: Why Cambodia Put a Building on Its Flag and Never Took It Off

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Julio Song
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9 min read

In 1975 the Khmer Rouge marched into Phnom Penh, emptied the city at gunpoint, abolished money, closed every school, and set about erasing nearly ever...

Four Crescents, Four Stories: How Azerbaijan, Comoros, Palau, and Turkey Use the Moon to Mean Completely Different Things

Four Crescents, Four Stories: How Azerbaijan, Comoros, Palau, and Turkey Use the Moon to Mean Completely Different Things

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Julio Song
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9 min read

Picture four flags pinned to a wall. Turkey. Azerbaijan. Comoros. Palau. Now ask yourself: what do they have in common? Most people will say "Islam" o...

Guns, Machetes, and Spears: The Flags That Refused to Hide Their Violent Origins

Guns, Machetes, and Spears: The Flags That Refused to Hide Their Violent Origins

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Julio Song
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11 min read

In 1983, Mozambique adopted a national flag featuring something no other sovereign nation had ever permanently displayed: an AK-47 assault rifle, comp...

The Frigatebird of Kiribati: How a Tiny Pacific Nation Put Navigation, Mythology, and Climate Change on a Single Flag

The Frigatebird of Kiribati: How a Tiny Pacific Nation Put Navigation, Mythology, and Climate Change on a Single Flag

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Julio Song
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9 min read

Somewhere in the central Pacific, straddling the equator and the International Date Line, lies a nation of 33 coral atolls where the highest point bar...

The Bauhinia Flower That Blooms for No Nation: Hong Kong's Flag and the Politics of Botanical Identity

The Bauhinia Flower That Blooms for No Nation: Hong Kong's Flag and the Politics of Botanical Identity

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Julio Song
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9 min read

On July 1, 1997, as the Union Jack came down over Government House in Hong Kong for the last time, a new flag went up in its place: white petals on a ...

Tricolore Confusion: How Chad and Romania Ended Up With the Exact Same Flag, and Why Neither Will Change It

Tricolore Confusion: How Chad and Romania Ended Up With the Exact Same Flag, and Why Neither Will Change It

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Julio Song
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9 min read

Imagine showing up to a global summit and the country seated across from you is flying your flag. Not a similar flag. Your exact flag. Same colors, sa...

White for Peace, White for Surrender: The Strange Double Life of the World's Most Contradictory Flag Color

White for Peace, White for Surrender: The Strange Double Life of the World's Most Contradictory Flag Color

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Julio Song
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8 min read

Somewhere in Belgium in 1815, a French soldier raises a white cloth above a trench. He is done fighting, and the gesture is unmistakable. In Rome, in ...

The Diagonal Divide: Why Some Flags Cut Themselves in Half at an Angle, and Why It Matters

The Diagonal Divide: Why Some Flags Cut Themselves in Half at an Angle, and Why It Matters

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Julio Song
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8 min read

Someone hands you a blank sheet of paper and asks you to sketch a flag from memory. Any flag. What do you draw? Horizontal stripes, almost certainly. ...

Red, White, and Identical: The Indonesia-Monaco-Poland Problem and How Flags Handle Accidental Twins

Red, White, and Identical: The Indonesia-Monaco-Poland Problem and How Flags Handle Accidental Twins

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Julio Song
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9 min read

Imagine you're a protocol officer at the United Nations, arranging 193 flags in alphabetical order for a General Assembly session. You pull out Indone...

The Sahrawi Riddle: How Western Sahara Flies a Flag for a Country That Doesn't Fully Exist

The Sahrawi Riddle: How Western Sahara Flies a Flag for a Country That Doesn't Fully Exist

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Julio Song
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9 min read

In February 2024, the flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, a horizontal tricolor of black, white, and green with a red triangle at the hoist ...

The Gospel on the Flag: Why the Dominican Republic Put an Open Bible at the Center of Its National Identity

The Gospel on the Flag: Why the Dominican Republic Put an Open Bible at the Center of Its National Identity

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Julio Song
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8 min read

Of the 193 sovereign nations recognized by the United Nations, exactly one puts an open book of scripture on its flag. Not a cross, not a crescent, no...

Born from War: How South Sudan Designed a Flag for the World's Newest Country

Born from War: How South Sudan Designed a Flag for the World's Newest Country

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Julio Song
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9 min read

On July 9, 2011, as crowds flooded the streets of Juba in 98-degree heat, a brand-new rectangle of cloth went up a flagpole for the first time. South ...

Blue Nation, Blue Flag: How Kazakhstan's Turquoise Sky Broke Every Rule of Flag Design

Blue Nation, Blue Flag: How Kazakhstan's Turquoise Sky Broke Every Rule of Flag Design

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Julio Song
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9 min read

If you laid out the flags of all 193 UN member states on a table, you could sort nearly all of them into a handful of color families. Red-white-blue t...

Splitting the Island: How the Flags of Aruba, Sint Maarten, and New Caledonia Tell the Story of Colonies That Almost Became Countries

Splitting the Island: How the Flags of Aruba, Sint Maarten, and New Caledonia Tell the Story of Colonies That Almost Became Countries

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Julio Song
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10 min read

In 2018, voters in New Caledonia, a French-administered archipelago in the South Pacific, went to the polls to decide whether to become an independent...

The Crescent Twins: How Tunisia and Azerbaijan Inherited the Same Ottoman Symbol but Made It Mean Completely Different Things

The Crescent Twins: How Tunisia and Azerbaijan Inherited the Same Ottoman Symbol but Made It Mean Completely Different Things

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Julio Song
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8 min read

Place the flags of Tunisia and Azerbaijan side by side. Go ahead, pull them up on your screen. Both have a white crescent and star on a strong backgro...

City Flags That Outshine Their Countries: What Chicago, Amsterdam, and the City of London Got Right

City Flags That Outshine Their Countries: What Chicago, Amsterdam, and the City of London Got Right

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Julio Song
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8 min read

Walk into any tattoo parlor in Chicago on a Saturday afternoon and flip through the flash book. Somewhere between the roses and the skulls, you'll fin...

Nutmeg, Mahogany, and Defiance: How Caribbean Nations Turned Plantation Crops into Flags of Liberation

Nutmeg, Mahogany, and Defiance: How Caribbean Nations Turned Plantation Crops into Flags of Liberation

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Julio Song
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8 min read

In 1865, Paul Bogle led hundreds of Black Jamaicans to the Morant Bay courthouse to protest poverty, injustice, and the stranglehold of the planter cl...

Turkmenistan's Carpet Strip: The Most Complex Flag Design in the World and What It Encodes

Turkmenistan's Carpet Strip: The Most Complex Flag Design in the World and What It Encodes

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Julio Song
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10 min read

Rank every national flag by how much cultural, political and geographic information it packs into a square centimetre, and one wins by a wide margin. ...

The Dragon on the Flag of Bhutan and Wales: Two Ancient Creatures, Two Completely Different Meanings

The Dragon on the Flag of Bhutan and Wales: Two Ancient Creatures, Two Completely Different Meanings

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Julio Song
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8 min read

Lay every national and territorial flag in the world across a gymnasium floor and you would need a large gym. Over 200 flags, full of lions, eagles, c...

Maps on Flags: Why Cyprus, Kosovo, and Christmas Island Put Their Geography Front and Center

Maps on Flags: Why Cyprus, Kosovo, and Christmas Island Put Their Geography Front and Center

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Julio Song
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10 min read

Out of nearly 200 sovereign states and dozens of territories worldwide, fewer than ten have ever placed a map or silhouette of their own territory on ...

Stars Over the Southern Cross: How One Constellation Became the Identity of the Pacific

Stars Over the Southern Cross: How One Constellation Became the Identity of the Pacific

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Julio Song
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9 min read

Imagine standing on the deck of a Polynesian voyaging canoe a thousand years ago. The ocean is black. The horizon is gone. All you have is a tight dia...

Red Over White: How Indonesia, Monaco, and Poland Ended Up Fighting Over the Same Flag

Red Over White: How Indonesia, Monaco, and Poland Ended Up Fighting Over the Same Flag

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Julio Song
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9 min read

In 2014, Indonesia threatened to formally protest to the International Olympic Committee after yet another broadcaster mixed up its flag with Monaco's...

The Sun Disc on the Flag of Bangladesh: How a Blood-Red Circle Became the Symbol of a Nation Born in War

The Sun Disc on the Flag of Bangladesh: How a Blood-Red Circle Became the Symbol of a Nation Born in War

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Julio Song
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10 min read

On March 2, 1971, a young student named A.S.M. Abdur Rab stood on the rooftop of a dormitory at the University of Dhaka and raised a flag that did not...